17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a group of the liver Cytochrome P450 alcohol oxidoreductases, responsible for catalysing the dehydrogenation of 17-hydroxysteroids in steroidogenesis that includes interconversion of DHEA and androstenediol, androstenedione and testosterone, and estrone and estradiol, respectively, as shown in http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg.
The intracrinologic function takes effect in about 5-10 minutes after starting exercising, while the neuro-endocrine function kicks in after taking a rest.
My theory about the exercise effects on the nervous function, skin/muscle endocrine function (aslo known as intracrinology - steroidogenesis in peripheral intracrine tissues - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1838082, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710002/pdf/11-14.pdf , http://physrev.physiology.org/content/physrev/88/4/1379.full.pdf and http://www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de/transfusionsmedizin/institut/eir/content/2004/42/article.pdf ) , and neuroendocrine function is:
1. Somatic motoring nerves activates the cells in the muscles for the skin and muscle endocrine function (steroidogenesis) with the liver P450 enzymes, leading to syntheses of hGH, DHEA, testosterone, DHT and neurotransmitters and their precursors (Sunlight UV stimulates the skin endocrine function too), for examples: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8092980, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435015 ,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166417, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24464446 & http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847208/pdf/1471-2369-14-194.pdf , http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/2/531.full.pdf+html, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942766;
2. Stretching or twisting of nerves, blood vessels and muscles generates the somatic sensory nervous signals, partially to autonomic nervous reflex arcs in the spine and the medulla oblongata for steroidogenesis of internal smooth muscles, activation of the neuroendocrine function, and partially to the thalamus (via the somatic sensory pathway of the Thalamus) for activation of the central nervous system ,
for examples:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10950/ ;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11240404 and more in References). Note: some researcher have shown that "a role of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ of cytokines and other peptides, denominated myokines (IL6, IL8, IL15, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and leukaemia inhibitory factor), which have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and are deeply involved in inflammatory processes" ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710002/ and http://physrev.physiology.org/content/physrev/88/4/1379.full.pdf ).
You can boost your growth hormone level over 300 % before a meal in 30 minutes. The best time to jump your hormonal level up is before breakfast. However, you should limit your exercise duration for no longer than 60-80 minutes - http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/2/531.full.pdf+html . According this report, you can increase your testosterone level at about 20-30%. Our reader also reported this result.
Effects of Exercises on your body: CARBOHYDRATES, HORMONES, AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
This study was done by Davis & Brown, Sport Science Exchange, 80, Vol. 14, NO. 1
This study was done by Davis & Brown, Sport Science Exchange, 80, Vol. 14, NO. 1
However, prolonged, heavy-duty, hard-core exercises usually burn out your testosterone faster than your body produces ( http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/2/531.full.pdf+html ). In addition, the hypothalamus and adrenal glands turn dopamine to norepinephrine, and then, when the dopaminergic system runs down in the exhaustion state, the pituitary gland releases excessive prolactin; as a result of combination of both norepinephrine and prolactin, norepinephrine is bound into the sympathetic nervous alpha receptors to tighten up your muscles and arteries, and the cells in the joints and muscles release excessive prostaglandin E2 for pain to set the alarm off - ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3766664/ ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151605 ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090630 ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942766).
At this stage, there s a lack of blood flow to your brain and testicles; thus, your testicular function slows down and produces less testosterone. Therefore, you will have a longer and longer recovery time. You may grow your muscles at the expense of your testicular (or ovarian for female ) function -
( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092301 ,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11254889,
and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14964440 ).
To avoid this problem, instead of hardcore exercises, you can have my Aquila Anal-breathing Qigong exercises once or twice a day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stGUWgNwips
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wlow3ukCud4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRiChK0Q_FI
Note: Exercises can become addictive, for good -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24001300
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073029
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216780
References:
1.http://ep.physoc.org/content/94/10/1062.full.pdf+html
2.http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/298/2/R372
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748969
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120765/
5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502890
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443372
7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24262162
8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20083005
9. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=23173208
10. The Somatic Sensory Components of the Thalamus - Neuroscience - NCBI Bookshelf - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10950/
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., editors. Neuroscience. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2001.
11.mEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(5):427-33. Does functional alteration of the gonadotropic axis occur in endurance trained athletes during and after exercise? A preliminary study. Duclos M, Corcuff JB, Rashedi M, Fougere V, Manier http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8803502
12. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Oct;31(10):932-8. Effects of endurance exercise on the reproductive system of men: the "exercise-hypogonadal male condition". Hackney AC. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092301
13. Curr Pharm Des. 2001 Mar;7(4):261-73. Endurance exercise training and reproductive endocrine dysfunction in men: alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Hackney AC. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11254889
14. Sports Med. 1995 Oct;20(4):251-76. Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining. Urhausen A, Gabriel H, Kindermann W. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8584849
15. J Nov Physiother. 2013 Feb 16;3(125). pii: 11717. Overtraining, Exercise, and Adrenal Insufficiency. Brooks K, Carter J. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648788/pdf/nihms-462899.pdf
16. Acta Physiol Hung. 2005;92(2):121-37. Testosterone and endurance exercise: development of the "exercise-hypogonadal male condition". Hackney AC, Moore AW, Brownlee KK. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16268050
17. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014 Jan;37(1):13-24. doi: 10.1007/s40618-013-0006-0. Epub 2014 Jan 8. Testosterone responses to standardized short-term sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercises: issues on the dynamic adaptive role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Felici F, Sansone M, Bianchini S, Buzzachera CF, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Di Luigi L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24464446
18. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr 15;302(8):E972-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2011. Epub 2012 Feb 7. The phosphodiesterases type 5 inhibitor tadalafil reduces the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in men during cycle ergometric exercise. Di Luigi L, Sgrò P, Baldari C, Gallotta MC, Emerenziani GP, Crescioli C, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/ajpendo/302/8/E972.full.pdf
19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0847. Epub 2008 Jun 17. The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men. Di Luigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/pdf/10.1210/jc.2008-0847
20. Int J Sports Med. 2008 Feb;29(2):110-5. Epub 2007 Jul 5. The long-acting phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil does not influence athletes' VO2max, aerobic, and anaerobic thresholds in normoxia. Di Luigi L, Baldari C, Pigozzi F, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Iellamo F, Ciminelli E, Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17614028
21. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Dec;33(12):2029-35. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits the pituitary response to exercise-related stress in humans. Di Luigi L, Guidetti L, Romanelli F, Baldari C, Conte D. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11740295
22. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Apr;89(2):177-83. Epub 2003 Feb 1. The influence of aspirin on exercise-induced changes in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and aldosterone (ALD) concentrations. Przybyłowski J, Obodyński K, Lewicki C, Kuźniar J, Zaborniak S, Drozd S, Czarny W, Garmulewicz M. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12665982
23. 2009 PH.D Thesis: New evidence for the short-term effects of testosterone and cortisol upon athletic performance and training adaptation in elite male rugby players
Blair T. Crewther, Southern Cross University http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161&context=theses
24. STUDIES IN SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 196, Acute Neuromuscular, Cardiorespiratory and Endocrine Responses and Chronic Adaptations
to Combined Strength and Endurance Training in Recreationally Endurance Trained Men and Women, Ritva Sofia Taipale, the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä,in Auditorium S212, on August 31, 2013 https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/42016/978-951-39-5343-0.pdf?sequence=2
25. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Aug;94(5-6):505-13. Epub 2005 Jun 8. Influence of exercise duration on post-exercise steroid hormone responses in trained males.Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942766
26. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Feb;96(2):531-9. Epub 2003 Sep 26. Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. Tremblay MS, Copeland JL, Van Helder W. http://jap.physiology.org/content/96/2/531.full.pdf+html
27.nClin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 February; 76(2): 272–280. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and levels of estrogens and androgens in men, Margaret A. Gates,1 Andre B. Araujo,1 Susan A. Hall,1 Gary A. Wittert,2 and John B. McKinlay1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219794/pdf/nihms313719.pdf
28. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Jun 15;247:34-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.007. Epub 2013 Mar 13. Forced and voluntary exercises equally improve spatial learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF levels. Alomari MA, Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Alzubi MA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23499703
29. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Oct 15;113(8):1260-6. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2012. Epub 2012 Aug 30. Voluntary resistance running with short distance enhances spatial memory related to hippocampal BDNFsignaling. Lee MC, Okamoto M, Liu YF, Inoue K, Matsui T, Nogami H, Soya H. http://jap.physiology.org/content/113/8/1260.full.pdf+html
30. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Apr;8(2):451-74. Structure, regulation and role of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and aromatase enzymes in the formation of sex steroids in classical and peripheral intracrine tissues. Labrie F, Simard J, Luu-The V, Pelletier G, Belghmi K, Bélanger A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8092980
31. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1991 Jul;78(3):C113-8. Intracrinology. Labrie F. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1838082
32. J Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Aug;25(1):1-16. Intracrinology: role of the family of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human physiology and disease. Labrie F, Luu-The V, Lin SX, Simard J, Labrie C, El-Alfy M, Pelletier G, Bélanger A. http://jme.endocrinology-journals.org/content/25/1/1.long
33. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992 Mar;41(3-8):597-603. Distribution of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene expression and activity in rat and human tissues. Martel C, Rhéaume E, Takahashi M, Trudel C, Couët J, Luu-The V, Simard J, Labrie F. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1314080
34. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;85(12):4841-50. Tissue- and site-specific gene expression of type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: in situ hybridization and specificenzymatic activity studies in human placental endothelial cells of the arterial system. Bonenfant M, Blomquist CH, Provost PR, Drolet R, D'Ascoli P, Tremblay Y. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/pdf/10.1210/jcem.85.12.7040
35. Endocrine. 2011 Oct;40(2):203-11. doi: 10.1007/s12020-011-9519-5. Epub 2011 Aug 30. Human type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells: differential inactivation of sex steroids according to the vessel type.Simard M, Drolet R, Blomquist CH, Tremblay Y. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877158
36. Biochem. J. (1996) 314, 839±845 (Printed in Great Britain) 839
Human 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 isoenzymes
have opposite activities in cultured cells and characteristic cell- and
tissue-specific expression Minna M. MIETTINEN, Mika V. J. MUSTONEN, Matti H. POUTANEN, Veli V. ISOMAA and Reijo K. VIHKO*
Biocenter Oulu and Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 50, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1217133/pdf/8615778.pdf
37. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Sep;137:107-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006. Epub 2013 Feb 19. Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions.Slominski A, Zbytek B, Nikolakis G, Manna PR, Skobowiat C, Zmijewski M, Li W, Janjetovic Z, Postlethwaite A, Zouboulis CC, Tuckey RC. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435015
No comments:
Post a Comment