Qi - The Civil, Electric and Material Engineering Excellence: the Foundation of Aqulia Anal Breathing Qigong
I created my Aquila Anal Breathing QiGong based upon the theory of muscular endocrine function and the piezoelectric effect of biomass. The prestressed concrete theory of the UC Berkeley Professor T. Y. Lin 林同棪 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin) was put into action for the muscular endocrine function and the piezoelectric effect under the movement of Qigong Horse-riding Stance. In layman's terms, prestress the biomass such as muscles and bones, and then periodically and synchronically contract them with Qigong breathing and movements, where Qigong is described in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5re4Y7an4-k andhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRiChK0Q_FI . In fact, Qigong breathing itself also exerts stress and strain in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. It uses the somatic motoring nervous force (somatic motoring Qi) to perform Qigong breathing and muscle contraction which, in turn, produce the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous sensory stimulation signals in the reflex arcs of the somatic-autonomic and -vagus interneuron synapses, as "reactive Qi" if you want to interpret it in term of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, toward the internal organs and the brain central dopaminergic-hypothalamus-pituitary axis, which elevate the sensory nervous acting potential via the piezoelectric generation by the contraction of the local biomass, and which also promote the blood flow toward your pelvic cavity, muscles and organs to enact the neuro-endocrine and muscular endocrine function for sex hormone release to boost the whole body nervous function .
Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong harmonically and simultaneously supercharges the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system via the somatic-autonomic and -vagus reflex arcs in the interneuron synapses. Noticeably, In the sympathetic nervous reflex arcs of Discs L1-L5, it wakes up the Kundalini via the stimulation on the root chakras. The harmonic nervous stimulation of both the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system produces no Kundalini syndromes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_syndrome ) which is a result of excessive sympathetic nervous stimulation. Thus. it is very critic to activate the vagus and parasympathetic (S1-S5 and Co) nerves to balance the excessive sympathetic nervous activation in the Kundalini awakening process. In addition, the Qigong cavity breathing is an reversal of the "Kundalini Breathing of Fire" which is very sympathetically. There are two movements in the Qigong deep, full squatting practice allowing "Breathing of Fire," but not encouraged since it can result in premature orgasm (for women) or premature ejaculation (for men.)
The Principle of Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong (天鷹牛郎迷走神功 ) - also known as Horse-Riding Stance Qigong Exercises大馬歩肛門呼吸運功行氣法 , is to utilize the muscular endocrine function of the symphysis pubis muscle, the pelvic floor muscles and the testicular master muscles to increase the blood flow and to activate the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous function by stretching/expanding and contracting these muscles; that is, exercise the pelvic floor muscles and the pubis with expansion-releasing cycles like a pre-stressed concrete's unloaded-unloaded cycles - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete .
In addition to the muscular endocrine function, piezoelectricity can be generated as reactive Qi in the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic sensory nerves, by the stress-strain release cycling of the biomass tissues (http://www.impb.ru/pdf/00030187.pdf ,)
such as:
1. Bones
(References: "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life," Chapter Six, The Ticklish Gene, Pages 111 - 160; Chapter Eleven, The Self Mending Net, Pages 203 -214,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Body_Electric_(book);
"Piezoelectric Effect in Human Bones Studied in Nanometer Scale,"
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231713303_Piezoelectric_Effect_in_Human_Bones_Studied_in_Nanometer_Scale/file/3deec52bede473dfd8.pdf ;
"Influence of Shear Stress on Behaviors of Piezoelectric Voltages in Bone"
http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~Qinghua.Qin/publications/pap212E-JAB.pdf ;
"Biophysical Bone Behaviour: Principles and Applications, "http://books.google.com/books?id=ASxcIyQtnYsC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=fukada+1968&source=bl&ots=1xsd-KCx1w&sig=TKykLHzAbngrH1ZZUfXgkUnmwu8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L8gZVM7WKsKL8QHlx4HwCw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=fukada%201968&f=false ;
" Physical Properties of Tissues: A Comprehensive Reference,"http://books.google.com/books?id=UaXpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=Sources+of+piezoelectricity+in+tendon+and+bone&source=bl&ots=I3hT5bCjql&sig=95SgJ156vPMGYrp7FL-JsLRP6rI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wboZVMz5HOGu8AG8soDwCw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20piezoelectricity%20in%20tendon%20and%20bone&f=false ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/PiezoGradient80.pdf ;
https://www.academia.edu/4558988/Blast-induced_electromagnetic_fields_in_the_brain_from_bone_piezoelectricity ;
http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/7103982 ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/BoneElectr.html ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/BME601Fr.html ;
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bm060828z ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002192907690066X ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929079900095 ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929078900520 ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929077900288,)
2. Cartilage
(References: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/178/4064/982.abstract,
http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/53/6/1475.abstract,)
3. Tendons
(References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon,
"THE NATURE OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS" http://www.paradigm-pubs.com/sites/www.paradigm-pubs.com/files/active/0/TL_Extract.pdf ,)
4. Muscles
( References: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19417467 ),
5. Blood vessels ( References: "Piezoelectric Effect in Blood Vessel Walls" -http://journals.jps.jp/doi/abs/10.1143/JPSJ.26.777 ),
6. Nerve fibers
(References: http://books.google.com/books?id=PKwlrW-CrxUC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=nervous+fibre+piezoelectricity&source=bl&ots=UW_vt5hMzZ&sig=HkspBIOpC0fuLJ2VAmqVVKaMRlg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pWIZVNqTNq_o8AHy7oGACQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=nervous%20fibre%20piezoelectricity&f=false )
7. Skin and tissue
( References: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1007287 , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6177041,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4157015&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F14%2F4156964%2F04157015.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4157015 .
"Piezoelectricity, a Healing Property of Soft Tissue,"http://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=15481 .)
The blood flow circulation also produces electromagnetic electricity, so does the nervous transduction.
The Qigong induced electromagnetic electricity in the sensory nervous systems, partially and directly relaying to the brain's dopamine-hypothalamus-pituitary axis and partially passing the somatic-autonomic and vagal interneuron reflex arcs to internal organs, is called reactive Qi in term of the Traditional Chinese Acupuncture Medicine.
Note: The combination of the blood-induced electromagnetic field with the nervous induced electromagnetic field forms the acupuncture network as shown in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine) .
Practices: My original intention of Anal Breathing is to prolong sex and to achieve ejaculation control by blocking the somatic-autonomic interneuron reflex arc (a.k.a orgasm generator) in Discs L1 and L2 that innervate the prostate and the seminal vesicles. If I use the horse-riding stance, move the symphysis pubis forward, and sink Qi (somatic nervous action on muscles) into the pelvic cavity and the scrotum, and contract the gluteus maximus against the tailbone, I am able to produce the 2nd- or 3rd -stage penile ballooning effects. I have found this advanced approach not only prolongs sex, but also induces more blood flow into the penis and the testicles to "cook" more androgen hormones for producing the penile ballooning effect. I have observed the testicles and scrotum relax and drop down when I sink Qi into the pelvic cavity, scrotum and testicles. When I contract the gluteus maximus against the tailbone muscle, the testicles and scrotum uplift. Thus, in each inhaling cycle, the testicles and scrotum move up and down. In addition, the horse-riding stance and moving or rotating the symphysis pubis with each inhaling cycle produce an expansion-release cycle to induce blood flow into the entire pelvic floor muscles, as well as activating the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in the pelvic cavity, the penis and the testicles (or the ovaries for women) via the generation of piezoelectricity, as described in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity . The blood flow will also be redirected to the penis for erection due to arterial dilation, when the testicular function and the tissue/muscle endocrine function release sufficient testosterone and DHT from the metabolism of LDL ("BAD" cholesterol !) with liver cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 ) and the central dopaminergic nervous function is elevated by the vagus and sympathetic nervous stimulation. The spontaneous erection can happen after practicing this Anal Breathing Qigong for few minutes. It naturally stimulates spontaneous erection at rest or during the night or/and sleeping.
Sinking Qi to the pelvic cavity with shallow inhaling is like the pelvic cavity doing breathing exercises. For women, it is called Ovarian Breathing; for men, it is Testicular Breathing since it also moves the testicles and scrotum up and down.
The muscular endocrine function in the pelvic floor muscles and the gluteus muscle group as well as the piezoelectric generation in the stretching-contracting (releasing) biomass become a powerful reactive Qi generator of Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong. If your testicular or ovarian function runs down, practicing Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong can help.
Muscular Endocrine References:
1. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of sex steroid hormones from DHEA in skeletal muscle of rats -http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/ajpendo/292/2/E577.full.pdf
2. Resistance training restores muscle sex steroid hormone steroidogenesis in older men -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443372
3. Effect of resistance exercise on muscle steroidogenesis -http://jap.physiology.org/content/jap/105/6/1754.full.pdf
4. Exercise and sex steroid hormones in skeletal muscle -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704257
4. The Piezoelectric Effect -http://www.aurelienr.com/electronique/piezo/piezo.pdf
I created my Aquila Anal Breathing QiGong based upon the theory of muscular endocrine function and the piezoelectric effect of biomass. The prestressed concrete theory of the UC Berkeley Professor T. Y. Lin 林同棪 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin) was put into action for the muscular endocrine function and the piezoelectric effect under the movement of Qigong Horse-riding Stance. In layman's terms, prestress the biomass such as muscles and bones, and then periodically and synchronically contract them with Qigong breathing and movements, where Qigong is described in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5re4Y7an4-k andhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRiChK0Q_FI . In fact, Qigong breathing itself also exerts stress and strain in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity. It uses the somatic motoring nervous force (somatic motoring Qi) to perform Qigong breathing and muscle contraction which, in turn, produce the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous sensory stimulation signals in the reflex arcs of the somatic-autonomic and -vagus interneuron synapses, as "reactive Qi" if you want to interpret it in term of the Traditional Chinese Medicine, toward the internal organs and the brain central dopaminergic-hypothalamus-pituitary axis, which elevate the sensory nervous acting potential via the piezoelectric generation by the contraction of the local biomass, and which also promote the blood flow toward your pelvic cavity, muscles and organs to enact the neuro-endocrine and muscular endocrine function for sex hormone release to boost the whole body nervous function .
Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong harmonically and simultaneously supercharges the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system via the somatic-autonomic and -vagus reflex arcs in the interneuron synapses. Noticeably, In the sympathetic nervous reflex arcs of Discs L1-L5, it wakes up the Kundalini via the stimulation on the root chakras. The harmonic nervous stimulation of both the vagus/parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system produces no Kundalini syndromes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_syndrome ) which is a result of excessive sympathetic nervous stimulation. Thus. it is very critic to activate the vagus and parasympathetic (S1-S5 and Co) nerves to balance the excessive sympathetic nervous activation in the Kundalini awakening process. In addition, the Qigong cavity breathing is an reversal of the "Kundalini Breathing of Fire" which is very sympathetically. There are two movements in the Qigong deep, full squatting practice allowing "Breathing of Fire," but not encouraged since it can result in premature orgasm (for women) or premature ejaculation (for men.)
The Principle of Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong (天鷹牛郎迷走神功 ) - also known as Horse-Riding Stance Qigong Exercises大馬歩肛門呼吸運功行氣法 , is to utilize the muscular endocrine function of the symphysis pubis muscle, the pelvic floor muscles and the testicular master muscles to increase the blood flow and to activate the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous function by stretching/expanding and contracting these muscles; that is, exercise the pelvic floor muscles and the pubis with expansion-releasing cycles like a pre-stressed concrete's unloaded-unloaded cycles - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete .
In addition to the muscular endocrine function, piezoelectricity can be generated as reactive Qi in the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic sensory nerves, by the stress-strain release cycling of the biomass tissues (http://www.impb.ru/pdf/00030187.pdf ,)
such as:
1. Bones
(References: "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life," Chapter Six, The Ticklish Gene, Pages 111 - 160; Chapter Eleven, The Self Mending Net, Pages 203 -214,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Body_Electric_(book);
"Piezoelectric Effect in Human Bones Studied in Nanometer Scale,"
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231713303_Piezoelectric_Effect_in_Human_Bones_Studied_in_Nanometer_Scale/file/3deec52bede473dfd8.pdf ;
"Influence of Shear Stress on Behaviors of Piezoelectric Voltages in Bone"
http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~Qinghua.Qin/publications/pap212E-JAB.pdf ;
"Biophysical Bone Behaviour: Principles and Applications, "http://books.google.com/books?id=ASxcIyQtnYsC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=fukada+1968&source=bl&ots=1xsd-KCx1w&sig=TKykLHzAbngrH1ZZUfXgkUnmwu8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L8gZVM7WKsKL8QHlx4HwCw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=fukada%201968&f=false ;
" Physical Properties of Tissues: A Comprehensive Reference,"http://books.google.com/books?id=UaXpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=Sources+of+piezoelectricity+in+tendon+and+bone&source=bl&ots=I3hT5bCjql&sig=95SgJ156vPMGYrp7FL-JsLRP6rI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wboZVMz5HOGu8AG8soDwCw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20piezoelectricity%20in%20tendon%20and%20bone&f=false ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/PiezoGradient80.pdf ;
https://www.academia.edu/4558988/Blast-induced_electromagnetic_fields_in_the_brain_from_bone_piezoelectricity ;
http://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/7103982 ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/BoneElectr.html ;
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/BME601Fr.html ;
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bm060828z ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002192907690066X ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929079900095 ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929078900520 ;
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021929077900288,)
2. Cartilage
(References: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/178/4064/982.abstract,
http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/53/6/1475.abstract,)
3. Tendons
(References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon,
"THE NATURE OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS" http://www.paradigm-pubs.com/sites/www.paradigm-pubs.com/files/active/0/TL_Extract.pdf ,)
4. Muscles
( References: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19417467 ),
5. Blood vessels ( References: "Piezoelectric Effect in Blood Vessel Walls" -http://journals.jps.jp/doi/abs/10.1143/JPSJ.26.777 ),
6. Nerve fibers
(References: http://books.google.com/books?id=PKwlrW-CrxUC&pg=PA192&lpg=PA192&dq=nervous+fibre+piezoelectricity&source=bl&ots=UW_vt5hMzZ&sig=HkspBIOpC0fuLJ2VAmqVVKaMRlg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pWIZVNqTNq_o8AHy7oGACQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=nervous%20fibre%20piezoelectricity&f=false )
7. Skin and tissue
( References: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1007287 , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6177041,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4157015&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F14%2F4156964%2F04157015.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4157015 .
"Piezoelectricity, a Healing Property of Soft Tissue,"http://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=15481 .)
The blood flow circulation also produces electromagnetic electricity, so does the nervous transduction.
The Qigong induced electromagnetic electricity in the sensory nervous systems, partially and directly relaying to the brain's dopamine-hypothalamus-pituitary axis and partially passing the somatic-autonomic and vagal interneuron reflex arcs to internal organs, is called reactive Qi in term of the Traditional Chinese Acupuncture Medicine.
Note: The combination of the blood-induced electromagnetic field with the nervous induced electromagnetic field forms the acupuncture network as shown in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine) .
Practices: My original intention of Anal Breathing is to prolong sex and to achieve ejaculation control by blocking the somatic-autonomic interneuron reflex arc (a.k.a orgasm generator) in Discs L1 and L2 that innervate the prostate and the seminal vesicles. If I use the horse-riding stance, move the symphysis pubis forward, and sink Qi (somatic nervous action on muscles) into the pelvic cavity and the scrotum, and contract the gluteus maximus against the tailbone, I am able to produce the 2nd- or 3rd -stage penile ballooning effects. I have found this advanced approach not only prolongs sex, but also induces more blood flow into the penis and the testicles to "cook" more androgen hormones for producing the penile ballooning effect. I have observed the testicles and scrotum relax and drop down when I sink Qi into the pelvic cavity, scrotum and testicles. When I contract the gluteus maximus against the tailbone muscle, the testicles and scrotum uplift. Thus, in each inhaling cycle, the testicles and scrotum move up and down. In addition, the horse-riding stance and moving or rotating the symphysis pubis with each inhaling cycle produce an expansion-release cycle to induce blood flow into the entire pelvic floor muscles, as well as activating the vagus, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in the pelvic cavity, the penis and the testicles (or the ovaries for women) via the generation of piezoelectricity, as described in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity . The blood flow will also be redirected to the penis for erection due to arterial dilation, when the testicular function and the tissue/muscle endocrine function release sufficient testosterone and DHT from the metabolism of LDL ("BAD" cholesterol !) with liver cytochrome P450 steroidogenic enzymes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450 ) and the central dopaminergic nervous function is elevated by the vagus and sympathetic nervous stimulation. The spontaneous erection can happen after practicing this Anal Breathing Qigong for few minutes. It naturally stimulates spontaneous erection at rest or during the night or/and sleeping.
Sinking Qi to the pelvic cavity with shallow inhaling is like the pelvic cavity doing breathing exercises. For women, it is called Ovarian Breathing; for men, it is Testicular Breathing since it also moves the testicles and scrotum up and down.
The muscular endocrine function in the pelvic floor muscles and the gluteus muscle group as well as the piezoelectric generation in the stretching-contracting (releasing) biomass become a powerful reactive Qi generator of Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong. If your testicular or ovarian function runs down, practicing Aquali Anal Breathing Qigong can help.
Muscular Endocrine References:
1. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of sex steroid hormones from DHEA in skeletal muscle of rats -http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/ajpendo/292/2/E577.full.pdf
2. Resistance training restores muscle sex steroid hormone steroidogenesis in older men -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443372
3. Effect of resistance exercise on muscle steroidogenesis -http://jap.physiology.org/content/jap/105/6/1754.full.pdf
4. Exercise and sex steroid hormones in skeletal muscle -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704257
4. The Piezoelectric Effect -http://www.aurelienr.com/electronique/piezo/piezo.pdf
Piezoelectricity References
1. Kittel, C. 1971. Introduction to solid state physics, New York: Wiley.
2. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1941. Towards a new biochemistry? Science 93:609.
3. Evans, M.G., and Gergely, J. 1949. A discussion of the possibility of bands of energy levels in proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 3:188.
4. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1951 Bioenergetics. New York: Academic.
5. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1960. Introduction to submolecular biology. New York: Academic.
6. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1968. Bioelectronics. New York: Academic.
7. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1976. Electronic biology and cancer. New York: Marcel Dekker.
8. Rosenberg, B., and Postow, E. 1969. Semiconduction in proteins and lipids-its possible biological import. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 158:161.
9. Marino, A.A., R.O., Becker, R.O., and Bachman, C.H. 1967. Dielectric determination of bound water of bone. Phys. Med. Biol. 12:367.
10. Pethig, R. 1979. Dielectric and electronic properties of biological materials. New York: Wiley.
11. Marino, A.A., and Becker, R.O. 1969. Temperature dependence of EPR signal in tendon collagen. Nature 222:164.
12. Swartz, H.M., Bolton, J.R., and Borg, D.C. 1972. Biological applications of electron spin resonance. New York: Wiley.
13. Horn, R.A., 1979. Electron spin resonance studies on properties of ceruloplasmin and transferrin in blood from normal subjects and cancer patients. Cancer 43:2392.
14. Fuller, R.G., Marino, A.A., and Becker, R.O. 1976. Photoconductivity in bone and tendon. Biophysical J. 16:845.
15. Szent-Gyorgyi, A. 1946. Internal photo-electric effect and band spectra in proteins. Nature 157:875.
16. Eley, D.D., and Metcalfe, E. 1972. Photoconduction in proteins. Nature 239:344.
17. Cady, W.G. 1946. Piezoelectricity. New York: Dover.
18. Fukada, E., and Yasuda, l. 1957. On the piezoelectric effect of bone. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 12:1158.
19. Bassett, C.A.L., and Becker, R.O. 1962. Generation of electric potentials by bone in response to mechanical stress. Science 137:1063.
20. Shamos, M.H., Lavine, L.S., and Shamos, M.I. 1963. Piezoelectric effect in bone. Nature 1978:81.
21. McElhaney, J.H. 1967. The charge distribution on the human femur due to load. J. Bone Joint Surg. 49A:1561.
22. Anderson, J.C.; and Eriksson, C. 1970. Piezoelectric properties of dry and wet bone. Nature 227:491.
23. Marino, A.A., Soderholm, S.C., and Becker, R.O. 1971 Origin of the piezoelectric effect in bone. Calc. Tiss. Res. 8:177.
24. Treharne, R.W. 1981 Review of Wolf's Law and its proposed means of operation. Ortho. Rev. 10:25.
25. Currey, J.D. 1968. The adaptation of bones to stress. J. Theoret. Biol. 20:91.
26. Epker, B.N., and Frost, H.M. 1965. Correlation of bone resorption and formation with the physical behavior of loaded bone. J. Dent. Res. 44:33.
27. Becker, R.O., Bassett, C.A.L., and Bachman, C.H. 1964. Bioelectric factors controlling bone structure. In Bone biodynamics, ed. H.M. Frost, p. 209. New York: Little, Brown.
28. Marino, A.A., and Becker, R.O. 1970. Piezoelectric effect and growth control in bone. Nature 228:473.
29. Marino, A.A., and Becker, R.O. 1974. Piezoelectricity in bone as a function of age. Calc. Tiss. Res. 14:327.
30. Marino, A.A., and Becker, R.O. 1975. Piezoelectricity in hydrated frozen bone and tendon. Nature 253:627.
31. Friedenberg, Z.B., and Brighton, C.T. 1966. Bioelectric potentials in bone. J. Bone Joint Surg. 48A:915.
32. Cerguiglini, S., Cignitti, M., Marchetti, M., and Salleo, A. 1967. On the origin of electrical effects produced by stress in the hard tissues of living organisms. Life Sci. 6:2651.
33. Jahn, T.L. 1968. A possible mechanism for the effect of electrical potentials on apatite formation in bone. Clin. Orthop. 56:261.
34. Gillooloy, C.J., Hosley, R.T., Mathews, J.R., and Jewett, D.L. 1968. Electric potentials recorded from mandibular alveolar bone as a result of forces applied to the tooth. Am. J. Orthodontics. 54:649.
35. Mumford, J.M., and Newton, A.V. 1969. Transduction of hydrostatic pressure to electrical potential in human dentin. J. Dent. Res. 48:226.
36. Dwyer, J.P., and Matthews, B. 1970. The electrical response to stress in dried, recently excised, and living bone. Injury 1:279.
37. Cochran, G.V.B. 1974. A method for direct recording of electromechanical data from skeletal bone in living animals. J. Biomech. 7:563.
38. Black, J., and Korostoff, E. 1974. Strain-related potentials in living bone. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 238:95.
39. Eriksson, C. 1974. Streaming potentials and other water-dependent effects in mineralized tissues. Ann. Acad. Sci. 238:321.
40. Steinberg, M.E., Lyet, J.P., and Pollack, S.R. 1980. Stress-generated potentials in fracture callus. Trans. 26th Ann. ORS 5:115.
41. McElhaney, J.H., Stalnaker, R., and Bullard, R. 1968. Electric fields and bone loss of disuse. J. Biomechanics 1:47.
42. Martin, R.B., and Gutman, W. 1978. The effect of electric fields on osteoporosis of disuse. Calcif. Tiss. Res. 25:23.
43. Lang, S. 1966. Pyroelectric effect in bone and tendon. Nature 212:704.
44. Athenstaedt, H. 1974. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of vertebrates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 238:68.
45. Athenstaedt, H. Permanent electric polarization and pyroelectric behavior of the vertebrate skeleton (parts 1-4). Z. Zellforsch. 91:135, 92:428 (1968); 93:484, 97:537 (1969).
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